Ubuchwepheshe obuningi obuthuthukile bushintsha izimpilo zethu nsuku zonke. Ukufika nokukhula kweImoto Kagesi (EV)yisibonelo esikhulu sokuthi lezo zinguquko zingasho malini empilweni yethu yebhizinisi - nasezimpilweni zethu zomuntu siqu.
Ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezingcindezi zokulawulwa kwemvelo ezimotweni zenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi (ICE) kuqhuba intshisekelo ekhulayo emakethe ye-EV. Abakhiqizi bezimoto abaningi abasunguliwe bethula izinhlobo ezintsha ze-EV, kanye neziqalo ezintsha ezingena emakethe. Ngokukhethwa kokwenziwa namamodeli atholakalayo namuhla, nokunye okuningi okuzayo, ithuba lokuthi sonke singase sishayele ama-EV esikhathini esizayo seliseduze kakhulu neqiniso kunangaphambili.
Ubuchwepheshe obunika amandla ama-EV anamuhla bufuna izinguquko eziningi endleleni izimoto zendabuko ezakhiwe ngayo. Inqubo yokwakha ama-EV idinga cishe ukucatshangelwa kwedizayini okuningi njengobuhle bemoto ngokwayo. Lokho kufaka phakathi umugqa omile wamarobhothi aklanyelwe ngokukhethekile izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-EV - kanye nemigqa yokukhiqiza eguquguqukayo enamarobhothi eselula angahanjiswa futhi akhishwe ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zomugqa njengoba kudingeka.
Kulolu shicilelo sizohlola ukuthi yiziphi izinguquko ezidingekayo ukuze uklame futhi ukhiqize ama-EV namuhla. Sizokhuluma ngokuthi izinqubo nezinqubo zokukhiqiza zihluke kanjani kulezo ezisetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwezimoto ezihamba ngegesi.
Ukuklama, izingxenye kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza
Nakuba ukuthuthukiswa kwe-EV kwalandelwa ngamandla abacwaningi nabakhiqizi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, inzalo yamiswa ngenxa yezindleko ezishibhile, izimoto ezihamba ngophethiloli ezikhiqizwa ngobuningi. Ucwaningo lwancipha kusukela ngo-1920 kwaze kwaba ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1960 lapho izinkinga zemvelo zokungcola kanye nokwesaba ukuqeda imithombo yemvelo kudala isidingo sendlela yokuthutha yomuntu siqu evumelana nemvelo.
Ukushaja kwe-EVumklamo
Ama-EV anamuhla ahluke kakhulu ku-ICE (injini evuthayo yangaphakathi) esebenza ngophethiloli. Uhlobo olusha lwama-EV luzuze ochungechungeni lwemizamo ehlulekile yokuklama nokwakha izimoto zikagesi kusetshenziswa izindlela zendabuko zokukhiqiza ezisetshenziswa abakhiqizi amashumi eminyaka.
Kunomehluko omningi endleleni ama-EV akhiqizwa ngayo uma eqhathaniswa nezimoto ze-ICE. Bekugxilwe kakhulu ekuvikeleni injini, kodwa manje lokhu kugxilwe ekuvikeleni amabhethri ekukhiqizeni i-EV. Abaklami bezimoto nonjiniyela bacabanga kabusha ngokuphelele ngomklamo wama-EV, kanye nokudala izindlela ezintsha zokukhiqiza nezindlela zokuhlanganisa ukuze bakhe. Manje baklama i-EV kusukela phansi ngokucabangela kakhulu i-aerodynamics, isisindo kanye nokunye ukusebenza kahle kwamandla.
An ibhethri lemoto kagesi (EVB)igama elijwayelekile lamabhethri asetshenziselwa ukunika amandla amamotho kagesi azo zonke izinhlobo zama-EV. Ezimweni eziningi, lawa amabhethri e-lithium-ion aphinde ashajwe adizayinelwe ngokukhethekile umthamo we-ampere-hora (noma i-kilowathour). Amabhethri aphinde ashajwe wobuchwepheshe be-lithiumion yizindlu zepulasitiki eziqukethe ama-anode ensimbi nama-cathode. Amabhethri e-lithium-ion asebenzisa i-polymer electrolyte esikhundleni se-electrolyte ewuketshezi. High conductivity semisolid (gel) polymers akha le electrolyte.
I-Lithium-ionAmabhethri e-EVamabhethri omjikelezo ojulile aklanyelwe ukunikeza amandla phezu kwezikhathi eziqhubekayo. Encane futhi elula, amabhethri e-lithium-ion ayafiseleka ngoba anciphisa isisindo semoto futhi ngenxa yalokho athuthukisa ukusebenza kwayo.
Lawa mabhethri ahlinzeka ngamandla athile aphezulu kunezinye izinhlobo zebhethri ye-lithium. Ngokuvamile zisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni lapho isisindo siyisici esibalulekile, njengamadivayisi eselula, izindiza ezilawulwa ngomsakazo futhi, manje, ama-EV. Ibhethri ye-lithium-ion evamile ingagcina amahora angu-150 watt kagesi ebhethrini elinesisindo esicishe sibe yikhilogremu engu-1.
Emashumini amabili eminyaka edlule intuthuko kubuchwepheshe bebhethri ye-lithium-ion iqhutshwa yizidingo ezivela ku-electronics ephathekayo, amakhompyutha aphathekayo, omakhalekhukhwini, amathuluzi kagesi nokunye. Imboni ye-EV ivune izinzuzo zalokhu kuthuthuka kokubili ekusebenzeni nasekuxinekeni kwamandla. Ngokungafani namanye amakhemikhali ebhethri, amabhethri e-lithium-ion angashajwa futhi ashajwe nsuku zonke futhi kunoma yiliphi izinga lokushaja.
Kunobuchwepheshe obusekela ukudalwa kwezinye izinhlobo zesisindo esilula, amabhethri athembekile, angabizi kakhulu - futhi ucwaningo luyaqhubeka nokunciphisa inani lamabhethri adingekayo kuma-EV anamuhla. Amabhethri agcina amandla namandla amamotho kagesi aguqukele ekubeni ubuchwepheshe bawo futhi ashintsha cishe nsuku zonke.
Uhlelo lokudonsa
Ama-EV anamamotho kagesi, abuye abizwe ngokuthi yisistimu yokudonsa noma i-propulsion - futhi anezingxenye zensimbi nezepulasitiki ezingadingi ukugcotshwa. Isistimu iguqula amandla kagesi ebhethri bese iwadlulisela esitimeleni.
Ama-EV angaklanywa anamasondo amabili noma wonke amasondo, kusetshenziswa amamotho kagesi amabili noma amane ngokulandelana. Kokubili amamotho aqondile (DC) kanye nama-alternating current (AC) asetshenziswa kulawa masistimu wokudonsa noma ama-propulsion ama-EV. Amamotho e-AC okwamanje athandwa kakhulu, ngoba awasebenzisi amabhulashi futhi adinga ukulungiswa okuncane.
Isilawuli se-EV
Ama-EV motors afaka nesilawuli se-elekthronikhi esiyinkimbinkimbi. Lesi silawuli sigcina iphakethe le-electronics elisebenza phakathi kwamabhethri nemoto kagesi ukuze lilawule isivinini nesivinini semoto, njengoba kwenza i-carburetor emotweni enamandla kaphethiloli. Lezi zinhlelo zekhompiyutha ezisebhodini aziqalisi nje kuphela imoto, kodwa futhi zisebenza nezicabha, amafasitela, isimo somoya, uhlelo lokuhlola umfutho wamathayi, uhlelo lokuzijabulisa, nezinye izici eziningi ezivamile kuzo zonke izimoto.
Amabhuleki e-EV
Noma yiluphi uhlobo lwamabhuleki lungasetshenziswa kuma-EV, kodwa amasistimu okubhuleka avuselelwayo akhethwa ezimotweni zikagesi. I-Regenerative braking inqubo lapho injini isetshenziswa njengejeneretha ukushajwa kabusha amabhethri lapho imoto ihamba kancane. Lawa masistimu wokubhuleka aphinda athathe amanye amandla alahlekile ngesikhathi sokubhuleka futhi awabuyisele ohlelweni lwebhethri.
Ngesikhathi sokubhuleka okuvuselelayo, amanye amandla e-kinetic avame ukumuncwa amabhuleki futhi aphenduke ukushisa aguqulelwa ugesi yisilawuli - futhi asetshenziselwa ukushaja kabusha amabhethri. I-regenerative braking ayigcini nje ngokukhuphula ibanga lemoto kagesi ngo-5 kuya ku-10%, kodwa kuphinde kwafakazela ukuthi kwehlisa ukuguga kwamabhuleki nokunciphisa izindleko zokuyilungisa.
Amashaja e-EV
Kudingeka izinhlobo ezimbili zamashaja. Ishaja enosayizi ogcwele ukuze ifakwe egaraji iyadingeka ukuze ushaje kabusha ama-EV ngobusuku obubodwa, kanye neshaja ephathekayo. Amashaja aphathekayo asheshe abe yimishini ejwayelekile evela kubakhiqizi abaningi. Lawa mashaja agcinwa ku-trunk ukuze amabhethri e-EVs ashajwe kancane noma ashajwe ngokuphelele phakathi nohambo olude noma esimweni esiphuthumayo njengokucisha kukagesi. Kumagazini ozayo sizochaza kabanzi izinhlobo zeIziteshi zokushaja ze-EVnjengeLevel 1, Level 2 kanye neWireless.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Feb-20-2024